The Science Mission Directorate manages NASA's many scientific and unmanned exploration activities, which the space agency breaks into four main areas: Earth science, planetary science, heliophysics and astrophysics. NASA field centers that are key to the goals and activities of this directorate include Kennedy Space Center in Florida, Stennis Space Center in Mississippi, Houston's Johnson Space Center and Marshall Space Flight Center in Alabama. HEO received $4.3 billion for exploration and $4.9 billion for space operations in 2017. It combines two previous directorates, which were known as Space Operations and Exploration Systems. The HEO directorate is relatively new, having been created in August 2011. And that entry, descent and landing is a huge challenge for us for Mars." However, in a propulsion meeting of the American Institute for Aeronautics and Astronautics in July 2017, Bill Gerstenmaier, head of HEO, responded to a question about when NASA will send humans to the surface of Mars by saying, "I can't put a date on humans on Mars, and the reason really is … the other piece is, at the budget levels we described, this roughly 2 percent increase … we don't have the surface systems available for Mars. īut NASA is also working to get people to Mars and other deep-space destinations. To make this happen, the agency is building a huge rocket called the Space Launch System and a capsule known as Orion. to make supply runs to the orbiting lab with unmanned craft. The agency has also inked deals with two companies - California-based SpaceX and Virginia-based Orbital Sciences Corp. commercial space transportation industry."ĭespite hopes that at least two American commercial spaceships would be ready to ferry astronauts to and from the space station by 2017, the date has been pushed back due to safety concerns. That includes the Commercial Crew and Cargo Program Office (C3PO), with the program goal to "extend human presence in space by enabling an expanding and robust U.S. Human Exploration and Operations (HEO) also manages the space agency's efforts to nurture the emerging American private spaceflight industry, which NASA wants to fill the crew- and cargo-carrying shoes of the retired space shuttle fleet. Much of the work is connected with the $100 billion International Space Station, which has hosted astronauts continuously since 2000. This directorate manages NASA's human spaceflight operations in low-Earth orbit and beyond. (Image credit: NASA) Human exploration and operations
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